Skeletal radiography

 Radiographic position

    Skull radiography: 

        PA view

        AP view

        Lateral view

        AP axial view (Towne view)

        PA axial view (Caldwell view)

        Occipitomental view (Waters view)

        Acanthioparietal view (Reverse Waters view)

        Submentovertex view 

Spine radiography

Musculoskeletal Radiograph: Approach

Trauma: Fractures

 Skull fractures: Link Skull fractures

     Facial fractures: Link Facial fractures

 Cervical spine fracture and dislocation: Cervical fracture

 Thoracic spine fractures: 

 Thoracolumbar spine fractures

        Thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS)

 Lumbar spine fractures

 Extremities fractures:

        Upper extremity fracture  

        Lower extremity fracture

 Pathologic fractures

Bone Lesions

    Differential diagnosis

            Solitary well-defined osteolytic lesion (differential)

            Solitary ill-defined osteolytic lesion (differential)

            Osteolytic lesions with septation and trabeculation (differential)

  

     Bone tumor (approach):

            Bone tumors in alphabetical order

            Osteolytic ill-defined

            Osteolytic well-defined

            Osteosclerosis lesions: Sclerotic tumors

Joint diseases: 

            Diseases of the Joints

            Common joint disease (Hand on)

แปลผลภาพถ่ายรังสีช่องท้อง (Approach to abdominal radiograph)

 แปลผลภาพถ่ายรังสีช่องท้อง (Approach to abdominal radiograph)

LINK Abdominal X-ray- an approach

LINK abdominal x-ray interpretation 

Indications

Although abdominal radiography has lower sensitivity and specificity than a CT of the abdomen, it still serves a role as an adjunct or optional test. Current uses for abdominal radiography include:

• a preliminary evaluation of bowel gas in an emergent setting
  • a negative study in a low pretest probability patient may obviate the need for a CT study and therefore lower radiation dose
• evaluation of radiopaque tubes and lines
• evaluation for radiopaque foreign bodies
• evaluation for postprocedural intraperitoneal/retroperitoneal free gas
• monitoring the amount of bowel gas in postoperative ileus
• monitoring the passage of contrast through the bowel
• colonic transit studies
• monitoring renal calculi

basic

    Anatomical positions of organs

    Appearance of structure

    Density of structure on X-ray

    1. Gas

    2. Fat

    3. Fluid & Soft tissue

    4. Bones and calcification

    5. Metallic densities

Gas:

    Abnormal free gas (Pneumoperitoneum): Falciform ligament sign, Rigler sign (Double bowel walls sign, Football sign

    Pneumoretroperitoneum

    Abnormal gas in abscess:

    Abnormally located bowel:  Chilaiditi syndrome (bowel interposed between liver and hemidiaphragm), Inguinal hernia

    Intramural bowel gas (Pneumatosis intestinalis)

    Pneumobilia

    Portal venous gas

    Emphysematous cholecystitis

    Emphysematous cystitis

Bowel obstruction:

    Small bowel obstruction

    Large bowel obstruction

Fluid

    Ascites

Abnormal calcifications: Link: intraabdominal calcification